arXiv: cs.AI preprintsInternational6 November 2026
Cognitive Foundations for Reasoning and Their Manifestation in LLMs
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arXiv:2511.16660v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) solve complex problems yet fail on simpler variants, suggesting they achieve correct outputs through mechanisms fundamentally different from human reasoning. To understand this gap, we synthesize cognitive science research into a taxonomy of 28 cognitive elements spanning reasoning invariants, meta-cognitive controls, representations for organizing reasoning and knowledge, and transformation operations. We introduce a fine-grained evaluation framework and apply it to 192K traces from 18 models across text, vision,
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