Homomorphic Advantage Operator: Stabilizing Reinforcement Learning Under Fully Homomorphic Encryption Constraints

arXiv:2610.02074v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Privacy-preserving machine learning presents significant deployment challenges on the cloud for intelligent systems with confidential data. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) offers a compelling solution for secure computation, preserving data confidentiality of cloud computations. However, applying FHE to reinforcement learning (RL) requires replacing non-linear operations with polynomial approximations, which diverge catastrophically due to a unique recursive error phenomenon known as the Bellman drift. This article introduces the Homomorphic A

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