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arXiv — cs.AI preprintsInternational9 October 2026

How Should a Prompt Optimizer Spend a Tight Budget? BudgetAPO with Noise-Adaptive Evaluation

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arXiv:2610.05671v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Automatic prompt optimization (APO) has been widely employed to adapt large language models without updating their weights, yielding promising results. However, existing methods such as GEPA and OPRO assume hundreds to thousands of subject-model calls, far more than is practical behind paid, rate-limited APIs. Under tight budgets they fail in two ways: multi-stage pipelines can exhaust the budget and return the seed prompt unchanged, while single-stage methods compare candidates on fixed-size minibatches, regardless of each task's noise. As a
— arXiv — cs.AI preprints

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