Mapping and Advancing the Scalability-Accuracy Frontier of Nonlinear Causal Discovery

arXiv:2610.03258v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Scalable nonlinear causal discovery requires methods that combine flexible mechanism estimators with efficient search over large graph spaces. Several algorithmic families have been proposed to address this challenge, yet their accuracy-runtime trade-offs remain poorly understood. We empirically compare the four major approaches: differentiable structure learning, amortized structure learning, score-matching, and combinatorial search. Our results reveal complementary bottlenecks: differentiable and amortized methods scale well but exhibit an ac

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