Null Controls Are Necessary but Not Sufficient: Evaluating Acceptance Guards for Scientific Discovery and Interpretability

arXiv:2610.22445v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Automated discovery systems propose scientific explanations and test which to accept. Does passing a test establish the intended claim? We develop four executable operations for changing physical descriptions: identifying redundancies (L1), coarse-graining dynamics (L2), transferring structure (L3), and inferring missing quantities from conservation imbalances (L4). We evaluate these operations and three interpretability settings through null acceptance (NAR), positive acceptance (PAR), and consequence agreement (CAR). A reduction mapping every s

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