On the Fragility of Tasks under Composition: Implicit Budgeting in Language Models

arXiv:2610.27190v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Modern language models are increasingly asked to handle several tasks within a single prompt. Doing so requires solving each task correctly while integrating the resulting answers into a coherent response. In this paper, we identify a fundamental limitation in this process, where models make substantially more errors when tasks are composed, even when they can solve every constituent task reliably in isolation. This degradation cannot be fully explained by the accumulation of independent errors. Across both open-weight models and the frontier m

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