OSCC: Certified Observation-Safe Coupling Optimization for Gradient-Noise Control in Imperfect-Information Learning

arXiv:2609.33543v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Coupled rollouts can reduce the noise of counterfactual action comparisons, but two issues prevent standard common-random-number constructions from serving as a general learning primitive in imperfect-information environments. First, an invalid coupling may expose hidden state, synchronize endogenous policy randomness, or misalign chance events after counterfactual histories diverge. Second, in multi-action policy optimization, lower return-contrast variance is not by itself the relevant objective: the optimizer depends on the return covarian

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