Science Is Falling Behind the Frontier: Foundation Model Adoption Across Half a Million Papers

arXiv:2511.21739v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We present the first large-scale analysis of AI foundation model usage in science -- not just citations or keywords. We find that adoption has grown rapidly, at nearly-exponential rates, with the highest uptake in Linguistics, Computer Science, and Engineering. Vision models are the most used foundation models in science, although language models' share is growing. Open-weight models dominate. As AI builders increase the parameter counts of their models, scientists have followed suit but at a much slower rate: in 2015, the mean foundati

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