When Do Humans and Machines Truly Complement Each Other? Formal Conditions and Empirical Evidence for Human-AI Synergy

arXiv:2610.27965v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Can humans and artificial intelligence cooperate such that their combination yields greater accuracy than either agent alone? This result, termed \emph{synergy} or \emph{complementarity}, is notoriously difficult to achieve, even when both agents possess significant independent accuracy. In this paper, we present a formal framework to model human-AI interaction through the lens of reliance patterns, which characterize the joint correctness structure of human and algorithmic decisions. We derive mathematically necessary and sufficient conditions f

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