arXiv — cs.AI preprintsInternational5 October 2026
When Numbers Start Talking: Numerical Signalling and Strategic Behaviour Among LLMs
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arXiv:2610.03033v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language model (LLM)-based agents increasingly operate in multi-agent systems (MAS) characterised by strategic interaction. However, little is known about whether, and to what extent, different types of messages affect the outcomes of strategic games. By investigating AI agents based on four popular LLMs, playing four games with different cooperation equilibria, we study whether messages of different kinds (natural language, numerical signals, or random sequences) significantly modify the levels of cooperation in each game, also depending o
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