Counterfactual Neighborhood Risk Fields: Evidence-Grounded Selective Safety for Vision-Language Models

arXiv:2610.20679v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Representation-based safety defenses for vision-language models (VLMs) often learn to separate harmful from benign inputs, but separation alone does not establish what a risk score means or when it should be trusted. We introduce Counterfactual Neighborhood Risk Fields (CNRF), an evidence-grounded framework for selective VLM safety. CNRF constructs context-matched benign-harmful counterfactual pairs, uses their representation differences as capability-related risk directions, and estimates neighborhood support separately from risk. This separatio

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