From Simulated Citizens to Simulated Deliberation: Challenges in Representation and Interaction

arXiv:2609.07573v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Can LLM agents simulate how a real public would deliberate? For such simulations to be meaningful, agents must reflect the population's opinions, and their views must be shaped by what others say during discussion. We evaluate these requirements across six LLMs using national surveys, controlled deliberation experiments, and a real deliberative poll. Comparing census-grounded Korean personas against national surveys, we find that agents often produce overly concentrated opinions and fail to reliably reproduce demographic differences. During s

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