Harmful Partial Interventions and Benign Leakage in Concept-based Models

arXiv:2610.21750v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Artificial intelligence systems deployed in high-risk settings increasingly require models that support meaningful human oversight. Concept-based models (CMs) offer a promising framework by enabling users to inspect and intervene on intermediate, human-understandable concepts. However, concept interventions can counterintuitively worsen downstream predictions, a failure mode we formalise as intervention harm. We distinguish harm after all concepts have been intervened on from harm under partial interventions, the more likely practical use case.

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